Books may now be returned at the library desk before classes begin. Students who need proof of a return can ask for a return receipt, a written record showing which books they handed to staff and when. However, staff will check the books after the morning rush, so the number of books a student can still borrow may not increase immediately. Please allow until lunchtime before borrowing another book if you have already reached your limit. For this reason, keep the paper until your library account has been updated. It can help staff investigate if a returned book still appears on your account.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement correctly explains what a student can do with the paper?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 Use it to support a request to check a book still listed on the account.
正解の根拠と読み方
return receiptは、渡した本と日時を示す記録だと本文中で定義されています。Howeverの後では、職員の確認が後になるため新たに借りられる冊数がすぐ増えるとは限らないと述べています。続くFor this reasonは、更新されるまで紙を保管する理由を示します。したがって、この紙は返却済みの本がアカウントに残る場合の確認材料です。返却した事実の記録と、貸出手続きの更新完了を区別して読みましょう。
Saturday’s park cleanup begins at nine outside the community hall. We have also prepared a rain plan: an indoor task that replaces the outdoor activity when heavy rain makes it unsuitable. Under this arrangement, volunteers will sort donated gloves and prepare maps for next month’s cleanup. Instead of cancelling your visit, come to the hall at the usual time if the online notice says the arrangement is in use. Both activities need the same number of helpers. Therefore, please tell us if you cannot attend, even when the weather is bad. Bring lunch; drinks will be available in the hall.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What should a registered volunteer understand about heavy rain?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 The planned indoor work still requires attendance or a message explaining an absence.
The school office will display lost umbrellas on Friday afternoon. Before taking one home, complete a claim card. This is a form describing an item you believe is yours and giving one detail that is not visible in the display photograph. A name inside the handle is one possible detail. However, submitting the form does not guarantee that the umbrella belongs to you. Staff must compare your description with the item first. In other words, the form starts a check rather than ending it. If two students describe the same umbrella, staff will contact both before deciding who should collect it.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What happens when a student submits the form?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 Staff begin checking the student’s description before allowing collection.
正解の根拠と読み方
claim cardは、持ち主だと思う品物と写真には見えない特徴を書く用紙だと説明されています。Howeverは、提出しただけで所有が保証されるわけではないという制限を加えます。In other words以下は、それを「確認の終了ではなく開始」と言い換えています。用紙は持ち主であることの確定証明ではなく、実物と記述を比べるための材料です。提出、照合、受取という手順の順序を保って判断しましょう。
本文のここがポイント
However話の流れ:用紙に特徴を書いても、それだけで持ち主と確定するわけではないという制限。
In other words話の流れ:職員による照合が必要なことを「確認の開始」と言い換える。
claim card本文で定義された語:所有権が確定した証書ではなく、品物の特徴を申告する用紙。
a form describing an item you believe is yours and giving one detail that is not visible in the display photograph語を定義する説明:用紙に記入する二つの内容を具体的に定義している。
Tickets for Friday’s film have all been reserved. Visitors without tickets may request a standby place, a position in a line for seats that become free when ticket holders fail to arrive. The line opens at six, and staff will call people in order at six thirty. However, waiting does not promise admission, since every ticket holder may come. Please do not pay anyone to hold a position for you; joining the line is free. Therefore, make other plans for the evening if you need a guaranteed activity. The cafe next door will remain open, whether or not seats become available.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement is supported by the notice?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 A person in the line may be admitted if a reserved seat is left unused.
The garden club is changing its holiday watering schedule. Last year, some new members were unsure how much water each plant needed. This year, each newcomer will make a buddy visit: a scheduled visit during which an experienced member works alongside a beginner. The experienced member will explain the task, but both people will water plants. By contrast, members who already know the garden may continue to work alone. A pair should book just one time slot on the schedule, not two separate times. As a result, other members can see which periods still need helpers without mistaking one pair for two visits.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
How should a beginner and an experienced member take part together?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Book one time and share the watering while the experienced member gives guidance.
正解の根拠と読み方
buddy visitは、経験者が初心者と並んで作業する予定された訪問です。初心者は説明を聞くだけでなく水やりにも参加します。By contrastは、一人で作業できる経験済みの部員との違いを示します。As a resultは、一組を一回として登録すれば未担当の時間が正しく分かるという結果を導きます。二人で参加することと予約を二つ取ることは別なので、一つの時刻を予約して共同作業をする選択肢が合います。
本文のここがポイント
By contrast話の流れ:初心者の共同作業と、菜園に慣れた部員の単独作業を対比する。
As a result話の流れ:一組を一回として登録することで、空いている時間が正しく分かるという結果。
Bring clean sports equipment to the community exchange on Sunday morning. For each usable item accepted by staff, you will receive a swap credit, a paper token that lets you choose one item from the exchange tables. You do not need to find someone who wants your exact item. Instead, staff will place everything on tables for all participants to browse. However, giving us an item does not ensure that a particular replacement will be available. A small ball and a tennis racket each earn one token. Unused tokens can be kept for our next exchange in June, but cannot be exchanged for cash.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement correctly describes the exchange?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 Someone may give a ball and choose a racket, if a racket is available.
Our library will help residents turn printed photographs into digital files next Tuesday. Staff will first show you a preview copy, a small digital version used only to check whether the whole photograph has been captured correctly. However, this file is not suitable for making a large print. Check the edges and tell staff if anything is missing. They will scan the photograph again if necessary. Only then will they save the final file to your memory stick. Please bring no more than five photographs. Your printed originals will stay with you, and the library will not keep digital copies after your appointment.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Why should a visitor examine the first digital version?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 To identify missing parts before staff save the final version.
Hello Class B,
The local art studio has offered us an entry window from ten thirty to ten forty-five. By this, the studio means a period during which our group must arrive, not the length of our whole visit. However, several students read the message as saying that we must leave at ten forty-five. We may actually stay until noon. For example, arriving at ten forty would still leave us eighty minutes to explore. Please meet at school at ten so that we can walk there together. Anyone travelling directly to the studio should tell me by Wednesday.
Ms Green
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement correctly explains the studio’s offer?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 The group can arrive at ten forty and remain until noon.
Hi Mei,
Thanks for offering to help at our neighbourhood festival. You said that speaking to large groups makes you nervous, so you might prefer a quiet role. In our schedule, this means a task that requires little direct conversation with visitors. Preparing signs or sorting cups would fit. However, it does not mean an easy or short job; those helpers stay for the full morning too. For this reason, choose a task based on how you like to work, rather than how quickly you hope to finish. Let me know your choice by Friday, and I will send the instructions.
Rosa
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which task would fit Mei’s preference and the organiser’s explanation?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 Sorting cups all morning with little need to speak to visitors.
正解の根拠と読み方
quiet roleの定義は、来場者と直接話す必要が少ない作業です。Howeverは、会話が少ないことが仕事の簡単さや短さを意味しないと制限を加えています。For this reasonは、その区別を踏まえ、早く終えたいかではなく働き方の好みで選ぶよう勧めます。コップの仕分けは例に挙がり、午前中全体を担当する条件にも合います。日常的な語の印象ではなく、この予定表での定義と時間条件を合わせましょう。
本文のここがポイント
However話の流れ:会話が少ないことと、簡単・短時間であることは別だという対比。
For this reason話の流れ:短時間とは限らないため、時間ではなく働き方で選ぶという助言。
quiet role本文で定義された語:短い仕事ではなく、来場者との直接の会話が少ない担当。
a task that requires little direct conversation with visitors語を定義する説明:この役割を区別する基準は、来場者と会話する必要の少なさ。
Hi Kai,
Before we publish your club report, please arrange a reader check. This is a short meeting in which someone unfamiliar with the event explains what they understood from your draft. Do not begin by explaining what you intended to say. Instead, listen to the person’s account first. If their account differs from your meaning, the draft may need changes even when every sentence is grammatically correct. Therefore, asking only your teammates is less useful, since they already know what happened. I suggest inviting a student from another club. You can check spelling separately after revising the content.
Amina
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What is the main purpose of the proposed meeting?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 To find out whether the draft communicates its meaning to a reader without background knowledge.
Nao was helping sort books for a charity sale. The leader pointed to a holding shelf, a place for books waiting for a decision about whether they could be sold. Nao found a beautiful picture book there and reached for a price label. At first, she thought its clean cover meant it was ready for a buyer. Instead of labelling it, she asked the leader why it was waiting. Several pages were missing. As a result, Nao left it where it was and checked the inside of the next book before deciding whether it belonged on the sales table.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What did Nao learn from the picture book?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 A book on that shelf should not be treated as ready for sale just because it looks clean.
正解の根拠と読み方
holding shelfは、販売できるかどうかの判断を待つ本の置き場です。At firstは、きれいな表紙なら売れると思った最初の理解を示します。Instead ofで、値札を付ける行動が責任者への質問に置き換わり、欠けたページが分かります。As a resultは、その経験から中身も確かめる行動へ進んだことを示しています。「保留」を「販売準備完了」や「廃棄決定」とせず、判断前の状態として読むことが重要です。
Ben chose a photograph of an almost empty station for the school exhibition. He gave it the working title ‘Last Light’, a temporary name that could change while he developed the project. He liked the sound of it. However, two classmates thought the photograph showed the final train leaving at night. It actually showed passengers waiting for the first train in the morning. Ben realised that the name had shaped their reading of the scene. In the end, he kept the photograph but called it ‘Before the First Train’. His early choice had helped him discover a possible misunderstanding.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Why could changing the name improve Ben’s project?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 The initial name was changeable and had led viewers to misunderstand the scene.
正解の根拠と読み方
working titleは、制作を進める間に変更できる仮の名前と定義されています。Howeverは、ベンが響きを気に入った名前から、同級生が夜の写真だと受け取ったという問題へつなぎます。In the endでは、写真を残して名前を変える結末が示されます。仮題は固定ではなく、作品の理解に影響していました。写真を撮り直さなくても、実際の朝の場面に合う名前にすることで誤解を減らせると判断できます。
At a neighbourhood repair club, volunteers write a repair record after working on an object. This means a note describing the object’s problem, the steps tried, and the outcome. The notes help other volunteers prepare for similar cases. However, they include more than successful repairs. For example, one note explains that replacing a lamp’s switch did not solve its problem. Another volunteer can use that information to avoid repeating the same unsuccessful step without checking further. Thus, an attempt that fails to fix an object may still help the club learn. The value of the writing lies in sharing experience, not simply counting repaired objects.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best expresses the value of the club’s notes?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 A failed attempt can provide useful information if its problem, steps, and result are recorded.
Hi Maya,
Our train company calls your ticket a flex ticket: a ticket that lets you change the departure time once without paying another fare. You asked to move from the morning train to the afternoon one, and that change is available. However, the seat reservation you bought is valid only for the morning train. You can travel in the afternoon without reserving a seat, but a new reservation costs five dollars. For this reason, please tell me whether a reserved seat matters more than keeping the original price. I will wait for your reply before changing anything.
Best,
Noah
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement is correct about Maya’s options?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 She can change trains without paying another fare, but reserving a new seat costs extra.
正解の根拠と読み方
flex ticketは、出発時刻を一回、運賃を追加せず変更できる券として本文中で定義されています。しかしHoweverが、座席予約には別の条件があることを示します。既存の予約は朝だけに有効で、午後の座席を新しく予約するなら五ドル必要です。For this reason以下の質問は、この追加料金と座席確保のどちらを優先するか確認するものです。運賃の変更条件と座席予約の条件を分けて読みましょう。
Hello Emi,
Thanks for sending your bus schedule. At our house, a quiet arrival means entering with the key we leave outside rather than being welcomed at the door. This option is usually for guests who prefer to settle in alone. However, we ask every guest arriving after ten at night to use it because our children will be asleep. Your bus reaches town at ten thirty. Therefore, I will send you the key box code this afternoon. Please message me when you get off the bus, and use the room marked with your name. We can introduce ourselves over breakfast.
See you soon,
Anna
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement correctly describes Emi’s arrival?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 She should enter using the key and meet the family the next morning.
Hi Film Club,
Please bring a rough cut to Friday’s meeting. By this, I mean an early edit that shows the order of scenes but may lack finished sound and titles. We need to see whether viewers can follow the story before we spend time on the final details. However, unfinished does not mean that the scenes can be in any order. Put them where you currently think they belong. Instead of adding special effects tonight, ask someone outside your group to watch and explain what happened. Bring that person’s comments with your video. We will discuss confusing parts first.
Thanks,
Leo
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which preparation best follows Leo’s request?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Arrange the scenes and collect a viewer’s comments, even if the sound is not final.
Hi Ben,
You offered to work my Friday shift if I take your Sunday shift. Our manager calls this a shift swap, which requires two workers to exchange their assigned working times. It is different from simply asking someone to cover an extra shift. Your proposal fits that rule, and I am free on Sunday. However, our agreement alone does not change the official schedule. The manager must approve both changes first. So please send her our names and the two dates today. Until she confirms the exchange, we should each plan to work the times already listed.
Thanks,
Rina
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement is supported by Rina’s email?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 The proposed exchange meets the rule, but they must keep the current schedule until approval.
Hello Design Team,
From six until nine this evening, we have a version freeze: a period when no one changes the shared presentation file. This will give our speaker a stable copy to practise with before tomorrow’s event. Please finish your planned edits before six. However, mistakes may still be discovered during practice. If you notice one after six, send me its page number and a suggested correction rather than editing the file yourself. I will keep a list and make one set of approved corrections at nine. After that, the speaker will receive the updated copy for a final practice.
Thanks,
Mila
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What should a team member do after finding an error at seven?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 Send Mila the page number and a correction suggestion, leaving the shared file unchanged.
正解の根拠と読み方
version freezeは、誰も共有の発表ファイルを変更しない期間と定義されています。目的は話し手が安定した版で練習することです。Howeverは、更新を止めても誤りが見つかりうるという状況へ話を移します。続く指示は編集の再開ではなく、ページ番号と修正案の連絡です。After thatは九時の一括修正後に更新版を渡す順序を示します。変更を止めることと、問題の報告を止めることを混同しないで読みましょう。
本文のここがポイント
version freeze本文で定義された語:共有ファイルの更新を止める期間を表す、この制作作業の用語。
a period when no one changes the shared presentation file語を定義する説明:禁止するのは共有ファイルへの変更であり、誤りの報告ではないと分かる。
Dear Ms Brown,
Your class is still welcome at the museum on Tuesday. Unfortunately, the guide assigned to you is ill, so we cannot provide the guided walk you booked. We can offer a self-guided visit instead. With this option, your group follows a printed route without a museum guide. The route takes you through the same main galleries. However, the painting demonstration needs a staff member and will not be available. Instead of watching that demonstration, students can use our drawing activity cards in the final gallery. Please let us know whether this revised plan works for your class.
Regards,
Owen
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement accurately describes the revised visit?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 The class can follow the printed route through the main galleries, but cannot watch the demonstration.
Hi New Members,
Our club usually holds a bring-and-share supper each month. The name refers to a meal for which guests bring food for everyone to share. It gives us a chance to try dishes from different homes and talk while eating. This Saturday, however, the school kitchen is providing the whole meal to welcome our new exchange students. You do not need to cook or buy anything. Instead, please bring a photograph of a place that matters to you and be ready to tell its story. We will put the photographs on the tables to help everyone start conversations.
See you there,
Sara
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What should new members prepare for this Saturday?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 A photograph and its story, rather than food that would normally be brought.
All lending copies of the School Garden Guide are currently checked out. A reference copy, a book that must stay inside the library for readers to consult there, is available at the front desk. You may use it during normal opening hours without booking. Nevertheless, we know that some students need information while working outdoors. We have prepared free copies of selected pages for this purpose. For example, the watering chart can be taken to the garden and kept in your class folder. Ask the librarian for the pages you need. The complete book must be returned to the desk before you leave.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which action is allowed by this notice?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Reading the book in the library and taking an available copy of the watering chart outside.
We have enough people for Saturday’s river clean-up, but you can still register as a reserve volunteer. This is someone who joins the event only when asked to replace a person who cannot come. Registration puts your name on our contact list; it does not give you a regular place. If a space opens, we will email you by eight on Friday evening. Otherwise, you should not travel to the meeting point. In either case, we will send everyone on the list information about next month’s event. Please check your email address carefully when you register so our messages can reach you.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What should a reserve volunteer do if no replacement request arrives by Friday evening?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Stay away from Saturday’s meeting point but expect information about the following event.
正解の根拠と読み方
reserve volunteerは、来られなくなった人の代わりを依頼されたときだけ参加する人と定義されています。登録だけでは参加確定になりません。Otherwiseは、金曜夜までに連絡が来る場合と、来ない場合を分け、後者では集合場所へ行かないと示します。一方、In either caseは、今回参加するかどうかにかかわらず次回の案内を受け取れることを表します。今回の参加条件と、今後の情報提供の条件を別々に確認しましょう。
次に読むときは:条件分岐を示すOtherwiseと、両方に共通する内容を示すIn either caseを分けて読む。
Q23 / 50案内・お知らせ本文 102 words
午後の舞台公演
Sunday’s afternoon show will be a relaxed performance. During this kind of performance, audience members may move around or leave and return while the show continues. Some lights will also stay on, making the room easier to move through. However, the play itself will have the same story, music, and length as the evening show. This is not a shorter version. If sitting still for a long time is difficult for you, this afternoon option may help. In contrast, the usual rules about remaining seated will apply in the evening. Tickets for both shows cost the same and can be bought online.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement correctly compares the two shows?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 The afternoon show allows more movement without shortening the play or lowering the ticket price.
On her first morning at a bicycle repair shop, Nora learned that she would be shadowing Sam. The owner explained that this meant spending time beside an experienced worker to watch how the job is done. Nora stayed near Sam as he spoke to customers and checked their bicycles. At first, she worried that she would have nothing useful to do. Yet Sam soon asked her to record customers’ names while he worked. By lunchtime, Nora understood the difference between helping with one task and taking responsibility for the whole repair. She had contributed, but she was still there to learn.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best describes Nora’s experience?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 She helped with a limited task while continuing to observe and learn from Sam.
Kai’s group had designed a puzzle game for the school fair. Before opening it to visitors, they arranged a trial run, trying the whole activity with a small group before offering it to the public. Six classmates took part. Everyone liked the mystery, and Kai expected to spend the next day making decorations. However, three players could not understand the first instruction without help. Their difficulty suggested that the game depended too much on an explanation from its creators. Consequently, the group used the next afternoon to rewrite the instruction card. They kept the mystery and planned to test the new card again.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Why did the group change its plan for the next afternoon?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 The small rehearsal revealed an instruction problem, so they improved the card before public use.
At Green Lane School, the gardening club wanted fresh leaves for several lunches, not one large meal. They chose succession planting, planting small batches of the same crop on different dates rather than all at once. At first, visitors thought the partly empty beds showed that the club had not finished its work. In fact, the empty spaces were reserved for later batches. The students followed a weekly planting schedule and recorded when each batch was ready. As a result, their harvest was spread across several weeks. They eventually used all the space they had planned to plant, without adding another garden bed.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best explains the club’s approach?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 They used different planting dates within the same garden area to spread out the harvest.
正解の根拠と読み方
succession plantingは、同じ作物を一度に全部ではなく、異なる日に少量ずつ植える方法として定義されています。At firstは見学者の当初の印象ですが、In factが空き場所は後の作付け用だと訂正します。As a resultは、週ごとの作付けと数週間に分かれた収穫をつなぎます。変えたのは菜園の広さではなく植える日程です。途中で空いている場所があったことを、作業不足や最終的な栽培面積の減少と読み違えないようにしましょう。
Mina wanted to paint a large picture of her street. Her teacher suggested a test picture: a small painting made to explore a choice before starting the final work. At first, Mina thought this would simply delay her real painting. She quickly painted the street under a dark sky. However, the bright shop windows then became the most interesting part of the scene. Mina had planned to focus on the trees, but she now changed her plan. In the end, she kept the small sheet beside her while working on the large picture. It reminded her of something she had not expected to notice.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best describes how the small painting helped Mina?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 It led her to change the main focus of her final picture.
正解の根拠と読み方
At firstは試作が本番の絵を遅らせると考えた出発点、Howeverは予想外に店の窓へ目が向いた転換を示します。test pictureは、完成作の前に表現の選択を試す小さな絵と本文で定義されています。その目的を踏まえると、木を中心にする計画を変えたことが試作の成果です。In the endでは小さな絵を見ながら大きな絵を描いており、試作が完成作に代わったのではなく、その判断を助けたと読めます。
本文のここがポイント
At first話の流れ:最初の見方を示す。ミナは試作を、本番の絵を遅らせるものと考えていた。
However話の流れ:予想との対照。試作の中で、予定していなかった店の窓の面白さに気づく。
In the end話の流れ:最終的な行動を示す。試作を完成作の制作中にも参照している。
test picture本文で定義された語:本文では完成作の前に表現の選択を試す小さな絵を指し、単なる縮小版とは定義されていない。
a small painting made to explore a choice before starting the final work語を定義する説明:直前の用語の目的と時期を具体化する。試してから本番の判断をするための絵である。
Every evening, Sam told long stories at dinner. His younger sister, Eva, usually said little, so he assumed she had nothing to share. One night, their father introduced a listening turn, meaning a time when one person speaks and everyone else waits before responding. Sam expected Eva to finish quickly. Instead, she described a model bridge she had been building at school. Sam nearly interrupted with his own idea, but waited. As a result, he heard about a problem Eva had already solved. Later, he asked to see the bridge. She agreed, and he realized how much he had missed during their earlier meals.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What can be concluded about Sam?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 Waiting helped him discover that Eva had more to share than he had thought.
正解の根拠と読み方
Insteadは「妹の話はすぐ終わる」という予想に反して、橋づくりの話が始まったことを示します。listening turnの定義は、一人の発言中はほかの人が返答を待つ時間です。Samがこの決まりに従った結果をAs a resultが導き、妹がすでに解決した問題まで聞けたと分かります。妹の沈黙を話題の不足と結び付けた思い込みが、聞き方を変えることで修正されたのであり、兄が問題を解決した話ではありません。
On Leo’s first day at a cafe, his manager asked him to prepare orders for the staff. She called an error that can be corrected before it affects a real customer a safe mistake. For example, Leo once put the wrong label on a cup, noticed it, and replaced it. He began to think that checking orders was unnecessary because the staff were friendly. However, the manager explained that catching errors was the purpose of the exercise. Before serving customers, Leo had to show that he could check each order himself. By the afternoon, he was doing this without a reminder and was ready to serve.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Why was Leo ready to serve customers by the afternoon?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 He had learned to check his own orders during the protected practice.
While sorting old family photographs, Hana created a question pile. This was a group of photographs whose stories still needed checking. At first, she placed a picture of two children in the holiday album because she recognized the garden behind them. However, her aunt said that several families had used that garden and she could identify only one child. Hana moved the photograph to the new pile and wrote down what her aunt knew. Therefore, she did not throw the picture away or give both children names. She planned to ask another relative, keeping the known details separate from her guesses until then.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement matches Hana’s decision about the photograph?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 She kept the confirmed information while leaving the uncertain part open for checking.
Aya wrote a short play about a daughter returning to her mother’s house. In the final scene, the daughter stood outside without knocking. Aya called this an open ending, an ending that leaves one important choice undecided. However, her classmates were confused about why the daughter had come. Aya wanted the audience to consider whether the two would meet, not struggle to understand the visit. Instead of adding a final conversation, she added an earlier scene explaining the daughter’s wish to apologize. After the next performance, her classmates understood that wish but still disagreed about whether she would knock. Aya was pleased with their discussion.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best explains Aya’s revision?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 She clarified the reason for the visit while keeping the final decision unresolved.
正解の根拠と読み方
open endingの定義は、重要な選択を一つ未決定のまま残す結末です。Howeverは、作者が残したい問いと観客の実際の混乱とのずれを示します。Instead ofは、最終的な会話で答えを出す方法を採らず、前の場面に動機の説明を加えた対案を導きます。修正後は謝罪したい気持ちが伝わっても、ノックするかは意見が割れています。つまり、背景の明確化と結末の未決定は両立していると読めます。
Noor made cloth bags after work. Last month, she promised to complete every request and had to sew late at night. This month, she used the phrase possible order for a request recorded without a promise to make the requested bag. She would check her available time each Friday. However, one customer treated his name on the list as a confirmed booking. Noor explained the rule and offered to contact him after her Friday check. Consequently, he chose another maker because he needed a bag on Thursday. Noor felt disappointed, yet understood that recording interest and accepting work were different actions.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement is supported by the passage?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 Being listed did not guarantee that Noor would make the bag by the required date.
正解の根拠と読み方
possible orderは、依頼されたバッグの制作を約束せずに記録した依頼という本文独自の区分です。Howeverは、この区分を客が確定した予約と取り違えたことを示します。Noorが金曜の確認後に連絡すると伝えた結果をConsequentlyが導き、木曜に必要な客は別の作り手を選びます。日程と定義を合わせると、ノアが締切の約束を破ったのではなく、記録の段階では必要な日までの制作が保証されていなかったと判断できます。
Owen was preparing to read a story at the library. Whenever he stumbled, he started again from the first sentence. He knew the opening well but was often tired before reaching the last page. His coach suggested repair practice, which meant repeating only the part that caused difficulty before returning to the whole text. Instead of restarting, Owen worked on two difficult lines. He marked where to pause and read those lines several times. As a result, he had enough energy for another complete reading. This time, he reached the end comfortably. He still needed practice, but no longer spent most of it on the opening.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
How did the new practice method change Owen’s work?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 It let him address difficult sections and then return to a complete reading with more energy.
正解の根拠と読み方
repair practiceは、難しかった部分だけを繰り返してから全文へ戻る練習と定義されています。Instead ofは、最初からやり直す旧来の方法と二行に絞る方法との違いを示し、As a resultはその結果として通し読みに使える元気が残ったことを導きます。したがって、難所を飛ばしたり全体練習を廃止したりしたのではありません。部分を練習して全体へ戻る順番が、以前の偏りを改善したと読めます。
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Instead of話の流れ:全文の最初からやり直す方法を採らず、難しい二行へ集中した変更を示す。
As a result話の流れ:部分に絞る練習の結果、再び全文を読む元気が残ったという因果関係を示す。
Iris was making a recipe book with her grandmother. She measured every ingredient carefully because she wanted readers to cook the dishes. Her grandmother also wanted to include a memory note, by which she meant a comment about a person or occasion connected with a dish. For example, the soup recipe would mention the neighbor who brought it when Iris was ill. Iris worried that such stories would interrupt the instructions. Nevertheless, she found space for them in separate boxes beside each recipe. Thus, readers could follow the cooking steps and also understand why these particular dishes mattered to the family.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What did the final arrangement of the book achieve?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 It preserved the personal meaning of the dishes without mixing those stories into the cooking steps.
A small design museum used to display its chairs in a single line, from oldest to newest. Visitors often remembered the dates but missed changes in design. The staff therefore introduced a comparison point: a place where two objects are shown together so visitors can notice a specific change. For example, one pair showed how the shape of a chair’s back had changed. The new arrangement included fewer chairs. Nevertheless, visitors spent longer discussing differences, according to the staff’s observations. The museum did not claim that everyone preferred the display; it found that the arrangement better supported the particular kind of looking it wanted to encourage.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which conclusion is supported by the article?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 The new layout helped visitors compare design changes even though it contained fewer chairs.
When a meeting raises an important question that cannot be answered immediately, some teams put it on a parking list. This means a list of useful issues that cannot be decided in the current meeting. The name may suggest that these questions can simply be forgotten. In fact, each entry needs someone responsible for it and a date for reporting back. Otherwise, the list only hides unfinished work. A team can finish today’s discussion without pretending that every concern has been settled. Its next meeting should begin by checking which promised answers have arrived and which still need follow-up.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
According to the article, what should a team do with an important issue it cannot decide today?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Record it, assign responsibility, and arrange to check it again.
Our community radio station is collecting one-minute stories about places in town. Please send a clean recording, which here means a voice recording without music or sound effects. Natural breaths and short pauses are welcome; they help the story sound personal. However, a song playing in the background should be removed before you send the file. You may record on your phone in a quiet room. Therefore, expensive equipment is not required, and using a studio will not give your story priority. Send your recording and the name you want us to announce by Friday. Selected speakers will be contacted before broadcast.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement agrees with the notice?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 A phone recording may include natural pauses, provided it has no music or sound effects.
Hi Kim, We plan to start setting up the exhibition at nine and finish the main work by eleven. The doors open at noon. I want to keep the last hour as buffer time, meaning extra time kept free to deal with unexpected delays. You suggested filming interviews during that hour. However, if a label needs changing or a frame arrives late, we will need everyone available. Instead, please arrange the interviews for two in the afternoon. Even if setup finishes early, we should avoid promising that spare hour to another activity. This gives us room to solve problems without delaying the opening. Thanks, Jo.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What does Jo want Kim to do?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Leave eleven to noon uncommitted, even if the main setup work ends early.
A design class tested two ways of giving feedback on posters. Students called a comment that suggests a specific change an actionable comment. In the first round, reviewers wrote whatever they noticed. In the second, they had to identify a change and explain its purpose. However, the second round produced fewer comments. This did not mean it was less useful. For example, one suggestion to enlarge the date helped readers find it quickly. Comments such as “great colors” showed approval but offered no next step. As a result, the teacher judged feedback by how it guided revision rather than by its quantity.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best explains the teacher’s judgment?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 Fewer comments can be more helpful when they show how to improve the poster.
正解の根拠と読み方
まずactionable commentの定義は、具体的な変更を提案するコメントです。Howeverは、方法を工夫した二回目の方がコメント数は少なかったという意外な結果を示します。続く例では日付を大きくする提案が読者の助けになり、単なる称賛とは区別されています。As a resultの後の評価基準は、量ではなく修正を導く働きです。少ないことを役立たないことへ直結させず、定義を満たす内容と効果を結び付けます。
A student team redesigned signs in a community building. A decision point is a place where a visitor must choose between routes. The team first planned to put a large sign in every corridor. Instead, it watched visitors and marked locations where they stopped to consider a direction. For example, a quiet corner connecting three corridors caused more confusion than the busy entrance. The team placed clear arrows there and removed several unnecessary signs elsewhere. Therefore, its final plan used fewer signs without leaving important choices unexplained. The team would still need to observe new visitors before claiming that the plan worked well.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which action follows the team’s approach?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Check where visitors choose a route and test whether signs at those locations help.
A library asked visitors which evening activities they wanted. Most answers favored quiet reading sessions. However, the survey was offered only on weekday mornings, when many evening users were absent. The librarian called this a response gap: a group affected by a decision is poorly represented in the answers. The results still described the people who replied, but they could not safely describe all users. Consequently, the library postponed its decision and offered the same questions during evening visits. It did not assume that the missing group preferred a different activity; it wanted evidence before making that comparison.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Why did the library ask the questions again in the evening?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:4 It needed answers from users whose views were not well represented in the first survey.
Students practiced comparing two travel plans in an English lesson. They became quick at answering questions about the same plans. To check deeper learning, their teacher used a transfer task, a new task that requires the same skill in a different situation. This time, students compared arrangements for a school concert. Although the topic changed, they still had to connect conditions with possible choices. Several students who remembered the travel answers struggled. In contrast, others explained their concert choices clearly without copying earlier answers. The teacher concluded that speed on familiar material alone was not enough evidence that students could use the skill independently.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which result would best show success on the teacher’s new task?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 A student explains a concert choice by matching it to the new conditions.
正解の根拠と読み方
transfer taskは、同じ技能を別の状況で用いる新しい課題と定義されています。Althoughは題材が変わっても必要な技能は共通だと示し、In contrastは以前の答えを覚えた生徒と、新しい選択を説明できた生徒を対比します。したがって、旅行問題の答えを速く言えることだけでは十分でありません。コンサートの条件を読み、新しい選択の理由を示すことが定義に合います。変わった部分と共通の働きを分けて読みます。
本文のここがポイント
Although話の流れ:題材は変わったが、条件と選択を結ぶ技能は同じだという譲歩を示す。
In contrast話の流れ:以前の答えの記憶に頼る生徒と、新しい判断を説明できる生徒を対比する。
transfer task本文で定義された語:直後の同格表現が、別の状況で同じ技能を使う課題と定義している。
a new task that requires the same skill in a different situation語を定義する説明:新しい題材であっても、必要な技能が共通することを定義の中心にする。
An art club needed several posters for one exhibition. Its members chose a shared constraint: a rule that every design in a project must follow. All posters had to use only one ink color because the club’s printer could not print a second color. At first, some members worried that this would make the posters identical. However, the rule said nothing about shapes, lettering, or the arrangement of information. For instance, one member drew large circles while another used narrow lines. Both designs followed the rule. The club found that a common limit could leave room for different ideas while keeping every design suitable for the same printer.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which pair of posters could satisfy the club’s rule?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 Two posters with different shapes and lettering, each printed in one ink color.
The school podcast team wanted to shorten an interview. Its editor defined a reversible edit as a change that can be undone while the original material remains available. She kept the complete recording and made shorter versions in separate files. By contrast, another student suggested deleting every unused section from the only recording to save space. The editor rejected that suggestion, even though the shorter version sounded clear. Later, the speaker asked the team to restore a sentence that explained an answer. As a result, keeping the original allowed the team to make the correction without arranging another interview.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Why did the editor reject the other student’s suggestion?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:1 It would remove material that might be needed to undo a change later.
正解の根拠と読み方
reversible editの定義には、変更を戻せるだけでなく元の素材が利用可能なまま残るという条件があります。By contrastは、別ファイルで短縮版を作る方法と、唯一の録音から削除する提案を対比します。短い版の音が明瞭でも、後者は定義を満たしません。As a resultの後では、一文の復元を求められても再取材せずに済んだ効果が示されます。完成版の聞きやすさと、後から修正を戻せる性質を区別して読みます。
A design group tested a lunch box that was meant to stay closed inside a bag. During the trial, the lid opened when the box was turned sideways. The group described the result as an informative failure, a trial that misses its goal but reveals what should change. The test showed that the lid’s clip needed attention; changing the box’s color would not address the observed problem. Nevertheless, the designers did not claim that a stronger clip would certainly solve everything. Instead, they planned another trial with the new clip. The failed attempt had narrowed their next question rather than answered every question.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement is supported by the report?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 The trial was useful because it identified a change to test, although it did not achieve its goal.
A student council chair used to repeat questions whenever a meeting became quiet. She assumed that silence meant nobody had an idea. A new adviser suggested wait space: a brief pause when nobody is expected to answer immediately. During the next meeting, the chair allowed this pause after asking for suggestions. At first, the room seemed less active. However, two members who rarely spoke then offered carefully developed ideas. The chair learned that an immediate response was not the only sign of participation. Therefore, she kept the pauses, while still inviting members to send written suggestions if they preferred that method.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What did the chair learn from the next meeting?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:2 A pause can give some members time to prepare ideas without showing a lack of participation.
A reading club made cards to help members retell a story. The teacher introduced a retrieval cue, a hint that helps someone recall an answer without giving the answer itself. In the story, Maya left her umbrella at a library on a rainy day. One card originally said, “Maya left her umbrella.” However, this allowed readers to copy the missing detail without remembering it. Instead, the group replaced the sentence with “Think about the rainy day.” Members still had to recover the object from their memory of the story. The teacher checked whether the new card helped them continue, rather than assuming that every shorter card would work.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which statement best explains the reason for changing the card?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 The new wording offered a connection to the missing detail while leaving members to recall that detail.
Lina wrote a guide for visitors to a school exhibition. Before recording it, she prepared a listening draft: a version of a text tested aloud before it is recorded. On the page, her directions seemed clear. However, when her brother listened without seeing the text, he missed the instruction to turn left because it came after several descriptions. Lina moved that instruction to the beginning and divided one long sentence into two. As a result, her brother could follow the route on his next attempt. Lina kept the descriptions, but changed their order so listeners could act before hearing extra details.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
What did Lina learn from using a listening draft?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 A text that seems clear on a page may need a different order of information when people hear it.
正解の根拠と読み方
正解は、紙の上でわかりやすい文章でも、耳で聞く場合には情報の順序を変える必要があるという説明です。listening draft は「録音する前に声に出して試す文章」と定義されています。However は、文字では明確に見えた案内と、聞くと指示を逃した結果を対比します。As a result の後では、左折の指示を先に置き、長文を分けた効果が示されます。説明を削除せず順序を調整した事実から、すべての説明が不要とは言えません。
Book Exchange Day: Participants may choose one book between 10:00 and 11:00. We call the period from 11:00 to 11:30 the swap window, a period when participants may exchange an item they have already chosen. During this time, you may return your selected book and choose another if both books remain in good condition. However, you may not keep both books. For example, someone who chooses a book at 10:40 can exchange it at 11:10. People who have not selected a book by 11:00 cannot make their first selection during this later period. After 11:30, the exchange desk will close.
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which plan follows the rules in the notice?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 Choose a book at 10:30, then return it in good condition at 11:15 and select another book in good condition.
正解の根拠と読み方
正解は、十時半に本を選び、十一時十五分にその本を返して別の本を選ぶ計画です。swap window は「すでに選んだ品物を交換できる期間」と定義され、初回の選択時間とは区別されます。However の後には二冊とも保持できないという制限があり、For example の例は初回の選択後に交換する順序を具体化しています。正解はその順序に加え、交換時刻と本の状態の条件も満たします。時刻だけでなく、返却の有無も確認します。
本文のここがポイント
However話の流れ:交換は認める一方、元の本と新しい本を両方持つことは認めないと制限する。
For example話の流れ:初回の選択を済ませてから指定時間内に交換する順序を具体化する。
swap window本文で定義された語:初回の選択とは別に設けられた交換用の時間帯の名称。
a period when participants may exchange an item they have already chosen語を定義する説明:すでに品物を選んでいることが、この時間帯を利用する前提。
Dear team, We have reserved a room and agreed on the date for our design workshop. However, we have not chosen between digital worksheets and printed ones. Our priority question, a question that must be answered before the next planning step, is whether all participants can bring a laptop. Digital worksheets would require each person to have one. Therefore, please ask about laptop availability in the registration form before we choose the materials. Participants may also suggest discussion topics, but those suggestions will not settle the equipment issue. If anyone cannot bring a laptop, we can prepare printed worksheets for the whole group. Thanks, Jo
青・実線:話の流れ赤・実線:定義された語赤・点線:その説明
Which action best follows Jo’s proposed order of planning?
答えと詳しい解説
正解:3 Check whether every participant can bring a laptop, and then decide which type of worksheet to prepare.
however、instead、as a result、for exampleなどは、文章のつながりを示すディスコースマーカーです。対比なのか、代わりの案なのか、原因の結果なのか、具体例なのかを見ます。特定の語を見つければ答えが決まるわけではありません。何と何が対比され、どの条件が変わったかまで読みましょう。
短い読み方の例(学習用の自作文)
The first plan required every member to attend. However, the new plan lets members join online.